Modal

Overview

Modal is a serverless platform for running Python code in the cloud with minimal configuration. Execute functions on powerful GPUs, scale automatically to thousands of containers, and pay only for compute used.

Modal is particularly suited for AI/ML workloads, high-performance batch processing, scheduled jobs, GPU inference, and serverless APIs. Sign up for free at https://modal.com and receive $30/month in credits.

When to Use This Skill

Use Modal for:

• Deploying and serving ML models (LLMs, image generation, embedding models)
• Running GPU-accelerated computation (training, inference, rendering)
• Batch processing large datasets in parallel
• Scheduling compute-intensive jobs (daily data processing, model training)
• Building serverless APIs that need automatic scaling
• Scientific computing requiring distributed compute or specialized hardware

Authentication and Setup

Modal requires authentication via API token.

Initial Setup

1# Install Modal
2uv uv pip install modal
3
4# Authenticate (opens browser for login)
5modal token new

This creates a token stored in ~/.modal.toml. The token authenticates all Modal operations.

Verify Setup

1import modal
2
3app = modal.App("test-app")
4
5@app.function()
6def hello():
7    print("Modal is working!")

Run with: modal run script.py

Core Capabilities

Modal provides serverless Python execution through Functions that run in containers. Define compute requirements, dependencies, and scaling behavior declaratively.

1. Define Container Images

Specify dependencies and environment for functions using Modal Images.

1import modal
2
3# Basic image with Python packages
4image = (
5    modal.Image.debian_slim(python_version="3.12")
6    .uv_pip_install("torch", "transformers", "numpy")
7)
8
9app = modal.App("ml-app", image=image)

Common patterns:

• Install Python packages: .uv_pip_install("pandas", "scikit-learn")
• Install system packages: .apt_install("ffmpeg", "git")
• Use existing Docker images: modal.Image.from_registry("nvidia/cuda:12.1.0-base")
• Add local code: .add_local_python_source("my_module")

See references/images.md for comprehensive image building documentation.

2. Create Functions

Define functions that run in the cloud with the @app.function() decorator.

1@app.function()
2def process_data(file_path: str):
3    import pandas as pd
4    df = pd.read_csv(file_path)
5    return df.describe()

Call functions:

1# From local entrypoint
2@app.local_entrypoint()
3def main():
4    result = process_data.remote("data.csv")
5    print(result)

Run with: modal run script.py

See references/functions.md for function patterns, deployment, and parameter handling.

3. Request GPUs

Attach GPUs to functions for accelerated computation.

1@app.function(gpu="H100")
2def train_model():
3    import torch
4    assert torch.cuda.is_available()
5    # GPU-accelerated code here

Available GPU types:

• T4, L4 - Cost-effective inference
• A10, A100, A100-80GB - Standard training/inference
• L40S - Excellent cost/performance balance (48GB)
• H100, H200 - High-performance training
• B200 - Flagship performance (most powerful)

Request multiple GPUs:

1@app.function(gpu="H100:8")  # 8x H100 GPUs
2def train_large_model():
3    pass

See references/gpu.md for GPU selection guidance, CUDA setup, and multi-GPU configuration.

4. Configure Resources

Request CPU cores, memory, and disk for functions.

1@app.function(
2    cpu=8.0,           # 8 physical cores
3    memory=32768,      # 32 GiB RAM
4    ephemeral_disk=10240  # 10 GiB disk
5)
6def memory_intensive_task():
7    pass

Default allocation: 0.125 CPU cores, 128 MiB memory. Billing based on reservation or actual usage, whichever is higher.

See references/resources.md for resource limits and billing details.

5. Scale Automatically

Modal autoscales functions from zero to thousands of containers based on demand.

Process inputs in parallel:

 1@app.function()
 2def analyze_sample(sample_id: int):
 3    # Process single sample
 4    return result
 5
 6@app.local_entrypoint()
 7def main():
 8    sample_ids = range(1000)
 9    # Automatically parallelized across containers
10    results = list(analyze_sample.map(sample_ids))

Configure autoscaling:

1@app.function(
2    max_containers=100,      # Upper limit
3    min_containers=2,        # Keep warm
4    buffer_containers=5      # Idle buffer for bursts
5)
6def inference():
7    pass

See references/scaling.md for autoscaling configuration, concurrency, and scaling limits.

6. Store Data Persistently

Use Volumes for persistent storage across function invocations.

1volume = modal.Volume.from_name("my-data", create_if_missing=True)
2
3@app.function(volumes={"/data": volume})
4def save_results(data):
5    with open("/data/results.txt", "w") as f:
6        f.write(data)
7    volume.commit()  # Persist changes

Volumes persist data between runs, store model weights, cache datasets, and share data between functions.

See references/volumes.md for volume management, commits, and caching patterns.

7. Manage Secrets

Store API keys and credentials securely using Modal Secrets.

1@app.function(secrets=[modal.Secret.from_name("huggingface")])
2def download_model():
3    import os
4    token = os.environ["HF_TOKEN"]
5    # Use token for authentication

Create secrets in Modal dashboard or via CLI:

1modal secret create my-secret KEY=value API_TOKEN=xyz

See references/secrets.md for secret management and authentication patterns.

8. Deploy Web Endpoints

Serve HTTP endpoints, APIs, and webhooks with @modal.web_endpoint().

1@app.function()
2@modal.web_endpoint(method="POST")
3def predict(data: dict):
4    # Process request
5    result = model.predict(data["input"])
6    return {"prediction": result}

Deploy with:

1modal deploy script.py

Modal provides HTTPS URL for the endpoint.

See references/web-endpoints.md for FastAPI integration, streaming, authentication, and WebSocket support.

9. Schedule Jobs

Run functions on a schedule with cron expressions.

1@app.function(schedule=modal.Cron("0 2 * * *"))  # Daily at 2 AM
2def daily_backup():
3    # Backup data
4    pass
5
6@app.function(schedule=modal.Period(hours=4))  # Every 4 hours
7def refresh_cache():
8    # Update cache
9    pass

Scheduled functions run automatically without manual invocation.

See references/scheduled-jobs.md for cron syntax, timezone configuration, and monitoring.

Common Workflows

Deploy ML Model for Inference

 1import modal
 2
 3# Define dependencies
 4image = modal.Image.debian_slim().uv_pip_install("torch", "transformers")
 5app = modal.App("llm-inference", image=image)
 6
 7# Download model at build time
 8@app.function()
 9def download_model():
10    from transformers import AutoModel
11    AutoModel.from_pretrained("bert-base-uncased")
12
13# Serve model
14@app.cls(gpu="L40S")
15class Model:
16    @modal.enter()
17    def load_model(self):
18        from transformers import pipeline
19        self.pipe = pipeline("text-classification", device="cuda")
20
21    @modal.method()
22    def predict(self, text: str):
23        return self.pipe(text)
24
25@app.local_entrypoint()
26def main():
27    model = Model()
28    result = model.predict.remote("Modal is great!")
29    print(result)

Batch Process Large Dataset

 1@app.function(cpu=2.0, memory=4096)
 2def process_file(file_path: str):
 3    import pandas as pd
 4    df = pd.read_csv(file_path)
 5    # Process data
 6    return df.shape[0]
 7
 8@app.local_entrypoint()
 9def main():
10    files = ["file1.csv", "file2.csv", ...]  # 1000s of files
11    # Automatically parallelized across containers
12    for count in process_file.map(files):
13        print(f"Processed {count} rows")

Train Model on GPU

 1@app.function(
 2    gpu="A100:2",      # 2x A100 GPUs
 3    timeout=3600       # 1 hour timeout
 4)
 5def train_model(config: dict):
 6    import torch
 7    # Multi-GPU training code
 8    model = create_model(config)
 9    train(model)
10    return metrics

Reference Documentation

Detailed documentation for specific features:

• references/getting-started.md - Authentication, setup, basic concepts
• references/images.md - Image building, dependencies, Dockerfiles
• references/functions.md - Function patterns, deployment, parameters
• references/gpu.md - GPU types, CUDA, multi-GPU configuration
• references/resources.md - CPU, memory, disk management
• references/scaling.md - Autoscaling, parallel execution, concurrency
• references/volumes.md - Persistent storage, data management
• references/secrets.md - Environment variables, authentication
• references/web-endpoints.md - APIs, webhooks, endpoints
• references/scheduled-jobs.md - Cron jobs, periodic tasks
• references/examples.md - Common patterns for scientific computing

Best Practices

1. Pin dependencies in .uv_pip_install() for reproducible builds
2. Use appropriate GPU types - L40S for inference, H100/A100 for training
3. Leverage caching - Use Volumes for model weights and datasets
4. Configure autoscaling - Set max_containers and min_containers based on workload
5. Import packages in function body if not available locally
6. Use .map() for parallel processing instead of sequential loops
7. Store secrets securely - Never hardcode API keys
8. Monitor costs - Check Modal dashboard for usage and billing

Troubleshooting

“Module not found” errors:

• Add packages to image with .uv_pip_install("package-name")
• Import packages inside function body if not available locally

GPU not detected:

• Verify GPU specification: @app.function(gpu="A100")
• Check CUDA availability: torch.cuda.is_available()

Function timeout:

• Increase timeout: @app.function(timeout=3600)
• Default timeout is 5 minutes

Volume changes not persisting:

• Call volume.commit() after writing files
• Verify volume mounted correctly in function decorator

For additional help, see Modal documentation at https://modal.com/docs or join Modal Slack community.